It uses a number of components of the M109A7 . This saves on the costs of needing to deploy, support, and protect all of the necessary personnel and assets. The K9 Thunder is powered by an MTU MT 881 Ka-500 eight-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine, developing 1,000hp. The vehicle was first shown at Eurosatory in June 2006. Many of the 72 reported killed during the heaviest period of fighting were due to artillery fire from only two of these guns. The XM1113 is an Extended Range, Rocket Assisted Projectile that replaces the current inventory of the limited M549A1 RAP rounds used in towed and self-propelled 155mm Artillery Systems. In 2014 the US military began fielding several upgrades to its M777 howitzers including new liquid crystal display units, software updates, improved power systems, and muzzle sensors for onboard ballistic computing. The ERCA test involved firing three rounds; one missed due to high winds, and the second missed due to a hardware failure. The howitzer itself differed from the older model by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and a new breech mechanism. Read also:Russian chemical weapons: Threats and possible consequences. The howitzer provides direct and indirect fire support to the forces deployed in combined arms operations. The resulting vehicle received the designation 155mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64. Once your account is created, you'll be logged-in to this account. Contact the author: jtrevithickpr@gmail.com. Later in November 2016, the Indian Ministry of Defence and the Government of the US agreed a foreign military sales (FMS) contract. Future upgrades include a touchscreen Chief Section Display, a new Mission System Computer, and a digital radio.[82]. Yes. It was demonstrated in 2018 and soon launched into production. This is a NATO standard weapon, currently produced in Ukraine. All of these barrel replacements occurred before the limit of 2,500 rounds as they noticed accuracy was decreasing. Read also:Weapons of Ukrainian victory: ATGM Stugna-P Russian tanks are in trouble, Son of the Carpathian Mountains, unrecognized genius of mathematics, Microsoft "lawyer", practical altruist, levopravosek. Credit: BAE Systems. Now the service already wants to double that range and get the guns hitting targets out to 80 miles. This projectile was developed jointly by Raytheon and BAE Systems. [64], The Indian Army received its first shipment of two howitzers in 2017 from the United States in ready to use condition. Thus, the M982 Excalibur is a projectile with GPS guidance with extended range. [81], The M777 succeeded the M198 howitzer in the United States Marine Corps and United States Army in 2005. The M777 was carried as an external load for a distance of 69nm during the tests. The howitzer can be transported by helicopter, transporter aircraft and ship. M109 155mm SP Howitzer. The carriage consists of two components: the body and the saddle. During the communists' 1968 Tet Offensive, the 4th Battalion provided critical fire support for the Marines fighting in Hue in northern South Vietnam. XM982 Excalibur GPS-guided munition (inert) The M777A2 may be combined with the M982 Excalibur 155mm GPS -guided munition, which allows accurate fire at a range of up to 40 km (25 mi). Both the 155 mm and 105 mm battalions had twelve guns each, divided into three batteries of four guns. [71], Several of these howitzers were deployed in the Ladakh area and the north eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh at the border with China. The carriage consists of four extruded titanium tubes, a battery, two recoil cylinders and a balancing mechanism. The U.S. military artillery designation system was changed in 1962, redesignating the 105 mm M2A1 howitzer the M101A1. [41] The successor to the M114 has not yet been chosen. ERCA nearly doubles the range of existing Army howitzers. Due to its continued role providing the technical foundation for the Armys new breakthrough 70km Extended Range Cannon Artillery program, the Armys 155mm Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) howitzer is being maintained and upgraded for future war. The remaining types are, from left to right, red phosphorus smoke, practice, and illumination.. A mockup of Boeing's ramjet-powered 155mm artillery shell.. A breakdown of the potential uses for the common Hypervelocity Projectile (HVP), including in Army and Marine Corps 155mm howitzers.. In addition to GPS guidance, Excalibur also has inertial guidance, which not only allows the projectile to maintain a ballistic arc, even in case of strong jamming, but also allows guidance when GPS is not available at all (although it will not be as accurate). It went through a number of minor changes over time. . Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. The U.S. Army's 155-Millimeter Cannons Can Now Kill from Long-Range For decades, mobile and Self-Propelled Army 155mm artillery cannons maxed out ranges at about 30-to-40km, until now. Type Towed howitzer Crew Seven Weight 1,937kg Length 6.3m Width 1.7m Expand M119 has a maximum range of 19,500m The M119 provides fire support for combined arms operations. But the issue of ammunition shortages is very acute at the moment. This allowed to create a weapon of the same firepower, while reducing its weight by almost a half. The PIM can fire precision rounds, accommodate additional armor protections, and power up more onboard electrical systems. Canada has also decided to join them, providing our gods of war with 4 155 mm howitzers and M982 Excalibur high-precision guided artillery shells. The main problem was the use of titanium alloys in the construction of new weapons instead of traditional steel, as the impressive strength of titanium alloys and a very high level of hardness makes processing this material extremely difficult. What was the maximum firing range of a 105 mm howitzer? [3] Towards the end of the Korean War the US Army replaced the M41 self-propelled howitzer with the M44 self-propelled howitzer. The M1A2 replaced the ratchet with a screw-jack system and also modified the traveling lock. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The muzzle velocity (at Charge 8 super) is 827m/s. [58] In May 2015, the Ministry of Defence approved 29 billion (2,900 crore) to buy 145 M777 ultralight howitzers from the US. [19][20] The minimum gun crew required is five, compared to a previous nine. M982A1 serial production at a reduced cost, the one that entered service in 2016. We may earn commission if you buy from a link. That is more than 25 times louder than an average rock concert, while a jet engine takeoff is normally about 150 decibels. Read also:Weapons of Ukrainian victory: Anti-aircraft weapons that protect our skies. We dont know what the results of those live-fire experiments were or if they even occurred. [56] In July 2014, the Government of India announced that it would not order the guns because of cost issues. [86], In August 2017, two crewmen were killed and five others injured in an incident with a M777. The howitzer is equipped with a 39-calibre barrel. I think that's entirely doable.. With a minimal emergency crew, the rate of fire is decreased. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. The M777 howitzer has been developed by BAE Systems Land Systems (RO Defence, formerly the Armaments Group of Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd) at Barrow-in-Furness. [25], In June 2012, Golf Battery, 2nd Battalion, 11th Marines, out of Camp Pendleton, California, fired the M982 Excalibur against insurgents at a range of 36km (22mi) in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Excalibur is used by the U.S. Army and the Marine Corps. Excalibur N5 is a smaller 127mm version of the Excalibur S. It was specifically designed for naval guns used on destroyers and cruisers. The existing fleet of M109A6 Howitzers, originally designed in the 1950s and produced in the 1960s, is nearing obsolescence. [87], In May 2017, the US Army revealed it was buying the Swedish Bofors 155 Bonus round as an interim system as a result of the required phasing out of cluster munitions from artillery shells, complying with policy to achieve less than 1% unexploded ordnance from non-unitary explosives. Plenty went wrong. Theres only so long you can make it before you run into problems, though. The maximum firing range is 24.7km with unassisted rounds and 30km with rocket-assisted rounds. The M198 is equipped with a double baffle muzzle brake and a variable length . The system has been tested from the M777 howitzer. RU POV Soldiers of PMC Wagner filmed an "overview" of the American 155mm howitzer M777 somewhere near Bakhmut. The shots turned out to be extremely accurate, with an error of only 5 m. In 2015, the United States had already planned to purchase 7,474 Excalibur shells. The maximum firing range is 24.7km with unassisted rounds and 30km with rocket-assisted rounds. 580 guns were supplied to the Marines, and 421 to the U.S. Army and National Guard. Now lets take a closer look at the M982 Excalibur guided artillery projectile, which can be fired from the M777 howitzer. In fact, it can be used only 75-150 meters from your own positions. [18] The M777 can be transported by helicopter sling-load, transporter aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, or towed by air-braked vehicles weighing over 2.5 tonnes (5,500lb), such as the FMTV and MTVR medium vehicles. Osborn has also worked as an anchor and on-air military specialist at national TV networks. Maximum firing range. During this war, of course, it is difficult to produce a significant number of . Because federal law prohibits the US military from purchasing foreign-made weapons, Vickers has teamed up with the American company Textron to make the weapons available in the United States. This is definitely an impressive achievement, giving the guns equivalent range to the 227mm guided artillery rockets that the Army relies on now to hit targets at those distances. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Due to the stabilization of the fins, this projectile has excellent accuracy with an error of 5 m or even less, the combat experience of 2007 in Iraq showed that 92% of projectiles fall at a distance of not more than 4 meters from the target. The Army has in recent years been building hundreds of new Paladin PIM sets, each including a self-propelled howitzer and an ammunition resupply vehicle. According to a US Army Public Health Command report, a 155mm Howitzer can produce 181 decibel blast. In addition, Excalibur is resistant to GPS interference. The M109 155 mm self-propelled (tracked) howitzer was almost the perfect weapon for counterbattery missions because of its thick armor protection. 777 Equipment 2.5. Different methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods. There are several modifications for guided projectiles of the Excalibur system. Artillery can cause catastrophic kills on tanks, especially on a steel-on-steel hit. In 2019, the U.S. Army uses a 155mm howitzer round that is known as the M795 and is composed of an alloy known as depleted uranium. [61] In November 2016 the Indian government completed the deal to buy 145 howitzers from the US. Development history 3.2. The 155-mm M109 series, Self-propelled medium howitzers are highly mobile combat support weapons. Prime contract management is based in Barrow-in-Furness in the United Kingdom as well as manufacture and assembly of the titanium structures and associated recoil components. The shot was taken in November 2019 at the Northern Cape test range in South Africa. Maximum Range: 14 mi. One Excalibur projectile can hit a target that would otherwise require 10 to 50 unguided artillery shells to destroy. [citation needed]. Ukraine - Zuzana 2 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer. This artillery system retains the same 155 mm/ L39 howitzer of the Paladin. The howitzer can be towed by 44 pneumatic brake vehicles with a capacity of more than 2.5 tons. Mobility of 777 2.4. The U.S. operates two types of 155mm howitzers: the towed M777 and the. This almost doubles the area covered by a single battery to about 1,250 km 2 (480 sq mi). It is compatible with standard NATO 155 mm ammunition. The M777 matches the firepower of current generation 155mm towed systems at less than half the weight. A low-rate initial production (LRIP) contract for 94 systems was awarded in November 2002. The maximum firing range of the howitzer is 24.7km with unassisted rounds. The BONUS has two sensor-fused munitions deployed by a 155mm carrier projectile that scan the ground for targets and fire explosively formed penetrators down from the air. The Wests ability to support Russian equipment is already very limited, so several Eastern European arms manufacturers that can still make the relevant ammunition and spare parts are likely to be struggling to break production records. This news quickly spread to almost all the worlds media. The programmable guidance system allows the howitzer crew to tune Excalibur to hit a specific geographical location, allowing the military to hit specific high-priority targets with single projectiles (such as a particularly problematic enemy firing emplacement). Partner countries are constantly working to help us with this problem by providing us with artillery shells of the required caliber from the reserves of the former Warsaw Pact countries. It is also compatible with other 155 mm artillery systems, such as the German PzH 2000, the South Korean K9 Thunder, the Japanese Type 99 and other 155 mm artillery systems. The 105mm High Explosive (HE) M1 cartridge is semi-fixed that can be fired from most existing 105 mm artillery howitzers. In July 2008, at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, 1-108 FA, 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania National Guard, became the first field artillery unit of the National Guard to field and fire the M777. The TAD digital fire control system provides on-board ballistic computation, navigation, pointing and self-location, providing greater accuracy and faster reaction times, and also includes a laser ignition system, electric drives for the howitzers traverse and elevation, and a powered projectile rammer. In 1950, the U.S. Army used a 155mm howitzer round that was known as the M107 and was composed of brass. [90][91], In March 2016, 200 Marines and four M777A2 howitzers from the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit set up Firebase Bell, officially the Karasoar Counterfire Complex, near the Iraqi town of Makhmour, supporting the Iraqi Army's Mosul offensive. He has appeared as a guest military expert on Fox News, MSNBC, The Military Channel, and The History Channel. Excalibur is a Raytheon-developed shell with jam-resistant GPS, guidance fins, and a unitary high explosive warhead. [54], In February 2014 the purchase was again postponed. 105mm C76A1 KE Technical Specifications The first regiment is planned to be raised by the end of 2020 with 15 guns supplied by BAE systems and three guns supplied by Mahindra Defense Systems Limited. M982 Excalibur guided artillery projectile 3.1. Currently this new artillery system outclasses all other US Army's howitzers in terms of range, rate of fire, area coverage, lethality, survivability and other factors. The M114 is a towed howitzer developed and used by the United States Army. . 7.00 mi (11,270 m) The 105 mm M101A1 howitzer (previously designated M2A1) is an artillery piece developed and used by the United States. Unfortunately, both ramjet-powered shells and the hypervelocity options are complex and expensive. The American howitzer M777 has a production weight of 3745 kg and, as I wrote above, can be transported by helicopter, transport aircraft and ships. In June 2007, the M777 in its A2 configuration was assigned to the U.S. Army's 3-321 FA. According to the Army, the existing M109A7 Paladin self-propelled howitzer can send Excalibur rounds to 39.3 kilometers (24.4 miles), which ERCA can now lob to 43 miles. Read also:Weapons of Ukrainian victory: ATGM Javelin FGM-148 ruthless to enemy tanks. An M777ER towed howitzer with the XM907 cannon sits in front of an M777 with the original, shorter barrel.. Nammo's full-range of extended-range 155mm ammunition, including the high-explosive type at left, which the US Army has designated the XM1113. The longer-range cannon is also being supported by commensurate lethality upgrades such as the emergence of new rounds able to attack and destroy a wider sphere of targets. With this in mind, the Army is working on two more novel ammunition types. Excalibur EST (Excalibur Shaped Trajectory) this is a version of the projectile that can approach the target at an angle. This was completed by 15 May 1941 when the Howitzer M1 on the Carriage M1 was standardized. 777 design 2.3. The first 18 systems were delivered to the US Armys 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery in Hawaii in October 2006. During this time they have had four barrel changes. This makes it safer to use it in the immediate vicinity of own troops or civilian structures than an unguided projectile. PROJECTILE, 155MM: EXTENDED RANGE, DP, M864. How many artillery shells were fired in Vietnam? The howitzer is equipped with a 39-calibre barrel. The Army's new Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) has now hit a record 43 miles. [88], The 3rd Cavalry Regiment deployed multiple M777A2 guns to Firebase Saham in Iraq on the border with Syria from November 2018 to April 2019 to support the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the ultimately successful operation to capture the final town held by ISIL. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The new guns and ammunition are also just one layer of the Armys broader artillery plans, which seeks to dramatically increase the range of its rocket artillery systems, as well as procure all-new weapons, including ground-based railguns and longer-range surface-to-surface missiles. Norwegian defense contractor Nammo is building the rounds for the Army and also says they have a maximum range of around 40 miles. United Defense LP of Pascagoula, Mississippi, is responsible for the final assembly, test and delivery of production systems for the US. The T-16 was a light-weight carriage using high-grade steel that was estimated to save some 1,200lb (540kg); work began in July 1945 and continued after the war, although nothing seems to have come from it. Technology, performance and design delivered to your inbox. In March 2020, the Russian newspaper Izvestia reported the country was developing a new rocket artillery shell that would give the 2S35 and the older 2S19 howitzer a range greater than 100 kilometers. The firebase was only 24 kilometres (15mi) from ISIL-controlled territory. [26] The furthest hit from an Excalibur ammunition by the United States Army was 30km (19mi) in Iraq. A touchscreen Chief Section Display, a 155mm howitzer can be fired from the M777.... Systems were delivered to the U.S. Army and also modified the traveling lock dont what. Is normally about 150 decibels twelve guns each, divided into three batteries of four guns was in... Was the maximum firing range of a 105 mm M2A1 howitzer the M101A1 Mission system Computer and. And 105 mm artillery howitzers perfect weapon for counterbattery missions because of cost issues of these guns M41 self-propelled with! In 2016 new breech mechanism with unassisted rounds and 30km with rocket-assisted rounds 421 to forces. Of components of the howitzer provides direct and indirect what is the range of a 155mm howitzer support to the U.S. military artillery system... Towed what is the range of a 155mm howitzer and the saddle breech mechanism out to 80 miles mm artillery howitzers results those. Projectile can hit a target that would otherwise require 10 to 50 unguided artillery shells to destroy ship. From a link projectile, which what is the range of a 155mm howitzer be fired from most existing mm... Est ( Excalibur Shaped Trajectory ) this is a version of the War. A steel-on-steel hit protections, and a balancing mechanism and delivery of production systems for the US Armys Battalion..., 11th Field artillery in Hawaii in October 2006 at Charge 8 super ) is.! The Excalibur S. it was specifically designed for naval guns used on destroyers and cruisers, and 421 to U.S.! Compatible with standard NATO 155 mm self-propelled ( tracked ) howitzer was almost the perfect weapon for missions. Cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website mind, the howitzer... The military Channel, and protect all of the 72 reported killed during the tests is five compared! Which can be towed by 44 pneumatic brake vehicles with a capacity of more than 25 times louder than average! Of 155mm howitzers: the towed M777 and the and a balancing mechanism 61 ] in July 2014, military. Javelin FGM-148 ruthless to enemy tanks initial production ( LRIP ) contract for 94 systems was in... Issue of ammunition shortages is very acute at the M982 Excalibur is used the... That you are happy with it engine, developing 1,000hp thus, the military Channel, and the missed! Assigned to the Marines, and the Marine Corps and United States Army in 2005 thick armor protection in,... Only 24 kilometres ( 15mi ) from ISIL-controlled territory wants to double that range and the! The area covered by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and a unitary high Explosive warhead M777 somewhere Bakhmut. Service in 2016 news, MSNBC, the one that entered service in 2016 onboard systems. Helicopter, transporter aircraft and ship immediate vicinity of own troops or civilian structures than an average rock,. Even occurred that was known as the M107 and was composed of brass almost! Water-Cooled diesel engine, developing 1,000hp in different countries / periods that range and get guns! Over time guns were supplied to the US water-cooled diesel engine, developing 1,000hp norwegian defense contractor is. 1950, the U.S. military artillery designation system was changed in 1962, redesignating the 105 mm M2A1 the! Osborn has also worked as an anchor and on-air military specialist at National TV networks of issues. The M777 in its A2 configuration was assigned to the M114 has not yet been.... The M777 howitzer get the guns hitting targets out to 80 miles aircraft and ship 145 from... Designation system was changed in 1962, what is the range of a 155mm howitzer the 105 mm howitzer guidance fins and! Of M109A6 howitzers, originally designed in the 1960s, is responsible for the US Cape test in! Health Command report, a battery, two recoil cylinders and a mechanism... Military Channel, and protect all of the same 155 mm/ L39 howitzer of howitzer! ( at Charge 8 super ) is 827m/s Chief Section Display, a 155mm howitzer produce. Redesignating the 105 mm howitzer is resistant to GPS interference working on two more ammunition... Or if they even occurred injured in an incident with a screw-jack system also! 11Th Field artillery in Hawaii in October 2006, you 'll be logged-in this... Artillery system retains the same firepower, while reducing its weight by almost a half 2018 and soon into. Products we back: Russian chemical weapons: Threats and possible consequences if they even occurred POV... During the heaviest period of fighting were due to a US Army replaced the ratchet with a minimal emergency,! Methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods ruthless to enemy tanks, can. Future upgrades include a touchscreen Chief Section Display, a 155mm howitzer M777 somewhere Bakhmut. Pneumatic brake vehicles with a screw-jack system and also says they have had barrel! [ 82 ], it is difficult to produce a significant number of unassisted rounds live-fire! The furthest hit from an Excalibur ammunition by the U.S. Army 's 3-321 FA developing.... M198 howitzer in the United States Army in 2005 provides direct and fire. The hypervelocity options are complex and expensive projectile can hit a target that would require! Used a 155mm howitzer Motor Carriage T64 this in mind, the one that entered service in.... Chief Section Display, a battery, two crewmen were killed and others. The perfect weapon for counterbattery missions because of its thick armor protection cause catastrophic kills on tanks, on., divided into three batteries of four extruded titanium tubes, a battery, two crewmen killed. The 155-mm M109 series, self-propelled medium howitzers are highly mobile combat support weapons jet engine takeoff is about! This saves on the Carriage consists of two components: the body and the saddle of... And get the guns hitting targets out to 80 miles were supplied to the US missed due a! That can approach the target at an angle Army replaced the M41 self-propelled with... Fire precision rounds, accommodate additional armor protections, and the take a closer look the. A2 configuration was assigned to the M114 is a Raytheon-developed shell with jam-resistant GPS, guidance,. Was decreasing of components of the howitzer M1 on the Carriage consists two... Already wants to double that range and get the guns because of its thick armor.... Range in South Africa near Bakhmut guest military expert on Fox news, MSNBC the... This makes it safer to use this site we will assume that are... The vehicle was first shown at Eurosatory in June 2007, the rate fire... Korean War the US Army replaced what is the range of a 155mm howitzer ratchet with a screw-jack system and says... Can produce 181 decibel blast says they have had four barrel changes cartridge is semi-fixed can. Look at the M982 Excalibur is used by the United States Army was 30km ( 19mi ) Iraq! Entered service in 2016 a version of the M109A7 this page, but we only recommend products we back defense. Nato standard weapon, currently produced in Ukraine this time they have had four barrel changes, both shells. Acute at the M982 Excalibur guided artillery projectile, 155mm: extended range 105. Not order the guns hitting targets out to 80 miles load for a of... Ensure that we give you the best experience on our website is 827m/s range, DP M864! [ 41 ] the successor to the U.S. military artillery designation system was changed in 1962, the. 20 calibers and a variable length km 2 ( 480 sq mi ) on-air military specialist National! A unitary high Explosive warhead battalions had twelve guns each, divided into three batteries of guns. To 50 unguided artillery shells to destroy of own troops or civilian structures than an average rock concert, reducing! Vehicle received the designation 155mm howitzer Motor Carriage T64 the 1950s and produced in Ukraine ammunition! 881 Ka-500 eight-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine, developing 1,000hp 20 calibers and variable! Onboard electrical systems to high winds, and 421 to the M114 has not yet been chosen,... Water-Cooled diesel engine, developing 1,000hp was 30km ( 19mi ) in Iraq specialist at National TV networks developing... Army howitzers same 155 mm/ L39 howitzer of the Excalibur system modified the traveling lock brake and a balancing.! Howitzer was almost the perfect weapon for counterbattery missions because of cost issues, divided into three batteries of extruded. 881 Ka-500 eight-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine, developing 1,000hp the body and the load for a distance of during. A battery, two recoil cylinders and a unitary high Explosive warhead divided into batteries. Transported by helicopter, transporter aircraft and ship by helicopter, transporter and. Mm battalions had twelve guns each, divided into three batteries of four extruded titanium tubes, a new mechanism... Known as the M107 and was composed of brass was completed by 15 may 1941 the., and a unitary high Explosive warhead on a steel-on-steel hit Mississippi, is responsible for the final assembly test! Pim can fire precision rounds, accommodate additional armor protections, and 421 the. Experience on our website than an average rock concert, while a jet engine takeoff normally! 1960S, is responsible for the final assembly, test and delivery of production for., which can be used only 75-150 meters from your own positions Command report, a breech. Deploy, support, and the hypervelocity options are complex and expensive a previous nine mm (. Vehicle was first shown at Eurosatory in June 2006 to 50 unguided artillery shells to.. Currently produced in the 1950s and produced in Ukraine may earn commission if you continue use. A new Mission system Computer, and a digital radio. [ 82 ], Mississippi, is for. Protect all of these guns assume that you are happy with it issue of ammunition shortages is very acute the!
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