These are exaggerated or oversimplified notions applied to certain groups of people. The natural animosity that is assumed to come into play due to the catholic and protestant backgrounds when dealing with the Irish problems, which make the minority group within the judiciary system feel . Policing is the defense of communities, the duty of making . This influence began prior to the creation of the prison system and expanded with a correctional philosophy aimed at rehabilitation. A judicial system which incorporates racial and economic factors in determining who will be imprisoned is a criminal justice system that lacks justice. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Despite the prominence of this thinking, data reveals that 42% individuals in jail, 20% in prison, and 50% under probation and parole supervision are first time offenders. Why is the development of cultural competence and culturally responsive services important in the behavioral health field? ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Does this impact rise to the level of a serious medical need? length of stay in a treatment program. The Department of Criminal Justice is committed to fostering an environment that supports and encourages diversity and inclusion. After AB 109, the state shifted a significant number of offenders to county supervision and created two additional forms of supervision. On face value the law was clear representation of institutional racism. We recognize the importance of listening to and hearing various voices and viewpoints. She and other local activists want to see more body cameras, community oversight of police, stringent use of force policies and more consequences for police officers who do harm while on the job. For the last 20 years, the crime rate in the U.S. has been falling. These policies include mandatory minimums, increased incarceration periods, increased conditions attached to probation and parole, increased technical violations and the failure of parole boards to release offenders. An example would . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons their mission are core values are as folows. Retribution and restoration both center on the victim and society. Unfair bias is a problem in the legal system when the police officer or judge must act with discretion, or self-determination. Official websites use .gov For example, see Wolfe v. Horn, (2001), which states that transsexualism [transgenderism] has been characterized as a serious medical need and Kosilek v. Maloney, 2002). Image is used under a CC BY 2.0. Poverty has always been a better indicator for the propensity to commit property crimes which are economically driven, often motivated by the abuse/addiction of alcohol and other drugs. Read, a comment from Director Nina Champion on the Victims Law proposals, we call on the government to remove the discriminatory elements of the Bill. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. This raises questions for correctional facility managers in several spheres of our operations. Colonial America didnt begin with prison or incarceration. Anywhere from 12 to 20% of those involved in the justice system can be considered persistent offenders. The U.S. incarcerates approximately 4 years longer for rape and robbery, 3 years longer for murder and assault, 2 years for burglary and 1 year for motor vehicle theft. Cultural diversity is a concept which represents the history, attitudes, behavior, language, values, beliefs and uniqueness which distinguishes each racial or sub-cultural group in a society. The CJA coordinated an open letter to the Prime Minister, warning that the new Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill will deepen the racial inequality in the criminal justice system. How does the program align with the mission and core values of the Bureau of Prisons? The field of criminal justice allows for a wide assortment of research interests, and as such, only a student's imagination limits this research. The impression that all offenders are persistent emerges from the difficulties in measuring outcomes. Mass incarceration reduces crime. As America grows more racially, religiously and ethnically diverse, community leaders are trying to make up for and avoid repeating past mistakes. Gender Diversity Issues; One of the oldest diversity issues observed in a work environment is based on an individual's gender. Deterrence is another concept whereby society deters crime through punishment. Problems can arise when unfair bias prevents a person from looking fairly at the evidence before making a decision. This issue brief offers four ideas to reform the criminal justice system, including improved police training; data collection and accountability; repairing the fractured relationship between . On a strip search, should there be a policy that searches of transgender inmates are conducted by a mixed team of one male and one female officer? The United States penal system is currently faced with serious problems, many prisons are underfunded, understaffed and overcrowded. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Federal court decisions, as well as state and federal laws support this right, however, this right must not interfere with the security of the institution. Racial profiling is when someone is targeted based on their ethnicity or . Now, a new study published Thursday in the journal Science, suggests that diversity in law enforcement can indeed lead to improvements in how police treat people of color. The average daily cost to keep an individual on probation is $3.82 a day versus $78.95 for imprisonment (Pew Foundation, 2009). Tensions between law enforcement officers and minorities have caused agencies to seek measures designed to reform police-community relations. Multiculturalism typically develops according to one of two . brought together experts from across the criminal justice system to explore how we can increase workforce diversity through recruitment, retention, progression and measuring impact. In California prisons, nearly 80% have experienced some form of abuse. County funding from the state actually depends on the recidivism rates and rates of prison sentences from each county. Be able to explain the history of the American correctional system and the theories of incarceration and rehabilitation. This means programs with the goal of successful reintegration of inmates back into the community will need the help of religious personnel to promote positive family relationships, maybe even assistance with finding housing and employment. One-third were Caucasian and (13%) were made up of other minorities. Crime policies and school, police, and juvenile court practices have led to a disproportionate focus onand more punitive responses tothe behavior of youth of color. There are five common types of punishment: Retribution, restoration incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Most people hate jury duty, but it's one of the most common ways for ordinary citizens to interact with the criminal justice system. Building a community capacity to address crime problems encourage implementation of more cost-effective strategies. This concept is most clearly seen in the practice of racial profiling, which is a way of using stereotypes to influence judgment rather than facts. If an individual does not value equity, inclusion, and diversity, their judgments will not be aligned to provide fair treatment and the broad representation and perspectives of society. 11 Pages. Essentially the U.S. does not have a system of community punishments (sanctions). We thank the staff and leadership teams from both agencies who contributed significant time, resources, and expertise in producing the final report. This behavior can become a problem when the police officer spends time asking questions or arresting an otherwise innocent person. An ongoing investigation by the Human Rights Watch Women's Rights Project documented custodial misconduct in many forms including verbal degradation, rape, sexual assault, unwarranted visual supervision, denying goods and privileges, and use or threat of force. The effectiveness of cultural diversity training must be assessed in relation to the history of criminal justice policy innovations and in the context of the fundamental nature of policing and police-community relations. A number of national and regional organizations represent the interests of these individuals in social, legal, and political contexts. Instead, Color of Change advocates for cities to divest from policing and invest in health care, education and job training. culture and cultural competency and examine why and how culture matters by inventorying the key aspects of the courts and justice system influenced by culture, and the sources and implications of ethnic/national cultural variation on the courts.2 We conclude Section II with a review of the meaning of acculturation and why it is important to courts. Image is in the public domain. Some cultural diversity training programs have developed in response to pressure from grass roots organizations, while others are proactive initiatives of criminal justice and government . Multiculturalism is the way in which a society deals with cultural diversity, both at the national and at the community level. Cultural competency can also entail grasping that some cultures may be resistant to care based on experiences and negative connotations they have had with the field. The topic scenario chosen for this study is the incarceration of more African American men between the age of 25 to 29 years relative to Hispanic and non-Hispanic White men. This disparity was most pronounced in majority-Black neighborhoods, researchers found, and was predominantly focused on minor crimes and not violent offenses. We all acknowledge the legal requirement that strip searches are conducted by a member of the same sex (except in exigent circumstances), and we accept the legal implications of violating this caveat. Jails need to be prepared on many dimensions, such as medical care, data systems, security, housing options, and clothing choices. Multiculturalism and diversity are at the heart of the American experience and reflect the demographics of our country. What did you agree with? Thus, the students parents assumed that it was expected in the American legal system as well. A majority of female inmate commit a violent offense at a far less rate than male Inmates. To that end, we need to undo our focus on incarceration by pursuing a range of punishments that address the underlying cause of criminal behavior. Cultural Diversity is significant in keeping society in check. Another contributing factor to prison overcrowding is recidivism. A study conducted in California showed that 71.9% of females had been convicted on a drug or property charge versus 49.7% of males. Despite its limitations, the concept of race is important to discussions of cultural competence. The average sentence in the US is an average of six months longer than in 1988. Culturally responsive skills can improve offender engagement in services, therapeutic relationships between offender and providers, and treatment retention and outcomes. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), cultural competence refers to the ability to honor and respect the beliefs, languages, interpersonal styles, and behaviors of individuals and families receiving services, as well as staff members who are providing such services. Police separate pro and anti police demonstrators during a protest on Aug. 15, 2020 in Chicago. Support your answer with information from the readings. In New York City, neighborhoods that are home to 18% of the citys adult population account for more than 50% of prison admissions each year. "It's a system that . - Definition, Components & Problems, What Is Criminal Justice? Only then can we forge a pathway toward effective policy that protects public safety and justice while reducing costs and offending behaviors. Its troubling.. Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice. - Definition, History & Examples, Chaos Theory: Definition, History & Examples, Wild Type in Genetics: Definition & Traits, What Do Archaeologists Study? The First Amendment of the United States Constitution allows, for the practice ones religion, even for those who are incarcerated. Its an old question, and one thats really hard to answer.. Read Research Paper On Issues Of Diversity In Criminal Justice and other exceptional papers on every subject and topic college can throw at you. The widespread perception that law enforcement personnel allow racial biases to determine whether or not they choose to enforce a law has caused numerous agencies to review and attempt to reform police culture. Since impartiality and fairness are the ideals of the justice system, this can cause the system to break down. An individuals cultural identity reflects the values, norms, and worldview of the larger culture, but it is de- fined by more than these factors. Whether that behavior is homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual is of no consequence. Language is pervasive throughout the criminal justice system. Prison clergy serve as the main avenue through which incarcerated persons have access to religion. Many are looking for ways to reduce their prison populations. How should we approach searches of intersex inmates? Incarceration policies particularly affect communities where the return of individuals is concentrated with increased STDs, pregnancy rates, and lack of male role models. The ideas and issues we will discuss may apply to other countries' courts, police, etc; but this lesson is intended to be a discussion of the American system. Lack of Diversity, Lack of Patient Trust . copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. After the Revolution, the founding fathers borrowed many of the English ways, but adapt it to their new-found ideals of freedom, their concept of criminal justice was no different. Recidivism is when an offender is returned to custody for a violation of supervised release or commit a new offense while under supervision. These policies include mandatory minimums, increased incarceration periods, increased conditions attached to probation and parole, increased technical violations and the failure of parole boards to release offenders. At the same time, no one thinks its a good idea to open the prison doors and let offenders free. Myths and Stereotypes of Inmates and the Prison System45, Think about it . How to appropriately deal with diverse issues and situations in the correctional settings. There two main types of deterrence, specific and general. The U.S. incarcerates approximately 4 years longer for rape and robbery, 3 years longer for murder and assault, 2 years for burglary and 1 year for motor vehicle theft. While the incarceration of persistent offenders has probably affected the crime rate, the same policies for drug and misdemeanor offenders has only served to expand the incarceration population and intensify problems associated with offenders resuming life in their communities. Thoughtful classroom setup and structure supports two of the four anti-bias domains: Diversity and Justice. Under California penal code section 1230, the Community Correction Partnership (CCP) was created. This punishment is also compared to vengeance. Over the decade, it was seen that women's participation in the workforce dropped drastically from over 80% to less than 50%. Is there an issue of intrusiveness when a male with a female gender identity is searched by only a male officer? Culture is the conceptual system developed by a community or society to structure the way people view the world. CHICAGO In the last decade, high-profile police killings including George Floyd in 2020 have shaken the nation and led to widespread protests and calls for reform, including hiring more nonwhite and female officers. Correctional facilities hire clergy as well as other faith representatives to serve a variety of faith-based functions. They dont go deep enough or tackle the root issues, she said. At the time of the U.S. Supreme Court's 2011 decision in Brown v. Plata, the California prison system housed nearly twice that many (approximately 156,000 inmates). The Project will hold the government to account on adhering to the Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED) and producing rigorous Equality Impact Assessments (EIAs). In this lesson we will discuss the problems brought on by cultural diversity as it relates to the criminal justice system. The costs of administering incarceration policies have affected nearly all aspects of our society. However, discretion exists precisely because the law can't be explicit in every case and still be fair. For example, comparing 1994 U.S. with 1995 U.K sentences reveals startling disparities. For example, a 2014 report on a national survey of LGBT people and people living with HIV found that 73% of respondents had face-to-face contact with the police in the past five years. Since over 90% of inmates are male, this means that many youths may only develop relationship with a key male role model within the confines of the justice system. Relative to white officers on the same assignments in the same neighborhoods, Black officers were less likely to stop, arrest, and use force against civilians. For those jails holding inmates for periods of a year or less, this may be considered to have minimal impact. State and federal governments are aware of this disparity, and researchers and policymakers are studying the drivers behind the statistics and what strategies might be employed to address the disparities, ensuring evenhanded processes at all points in the . : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Principles_and_Procedures_of_the_Justice_System_(Alvarez)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 8: Managing Culturally Diverse and Specific Populations in Correctional Settings, [ "article:topic-guide", "license:ccby", "showtoc:no", "authorname:wymoreraber" ], https://workforce.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fworkforce.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FCorrections%2FCommunity_and_the_Justice_System_(Wymore_and_Raber)%2F08%253A_Managing_Culturally_Diverse_and_Specific_Populations_in_Correctional_Settings, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). In the United States religious persons and religious institutions have been associated with correctional practice since the formation of the Republic. Look at the numbers: The U.S. has an incarceration rate of 756 per 100,000 (the largest in the world) and holds 23% of the people incarcerated around the world (see pewcenteronthestates.com; Walmsley, 2007). IV.COURSE OBJECTIVES Objective # Objective 1 Appreciate how diversity and difference shape individual and group The widely cited 70% recidivism refers to felons in 15 states (see Langan & Levin, 2002) and does not recognize that there are patterns in reoffending. But some jails can house inmates for 5 years or more. As the prison population grows, more inmates will eventually be released back into society. Eventually, the team amassed data on 1.6 million enforcements such as stops and arrests by nearly 7,000 officers from 2012 to 2015. And we call for greater racial diversity in the criminal justice workforce and promote more inclusive practices from sector employers. Developing cultural competence is an ongoing process that begins with cultural awareness and a commitment to understanding the role that culture plays in behavioral health services. Other countries have diverse populations as well, but the US has embraced diversity as a source of pride and strength. If an inmate with a female gender identity is more comfortable being pat searched by a female officer, do we comply? What will it take to undo the mass incarceration (and over-criminalization) policies and practices that have taken root in our public policy while recognizing the need for sound policy to prevent and control crime? Correctional facility managers are charged with preventing assault and excessive use of force as well as suicide and self-harm. The costs of administering incarceration policies have affected nearly all aspects of our society. Incarceration only affects offenders. Diversity is a This is a relatively new way of viewing crime and punishment and as a result there has been a focus on developing restorative justice programs across the United States. One of the reasons why the US has a well-developed policy of freedom of speech is to promote communication among a variety of people with different experiences. Correctional professionals and administrators should understand that each offender embraces his or her culture(s) in a unique way and that there is considerable diversity within and across races, ethnicities, and culture heritages. Male correctional officers and staff contribute to a custodial environment in state prisons for women which is often highly sexual and excessively hostile. They transferred the responsibility for the incarceration of those offenders back to the counties they were committed. Cultural identity, in the simplest terms, involves an affiliation or identification with a particular group or groups. Though the array of ways in which diversity can be a problem are vast, most of these issues have to do with three related factors. The punishment must fit the crime. Additionally, felon offenders lose (sometimes permanently) the ability to vote and participate in our democracy, which in turn stigmatizes and hinders productive societal participation. Russell said it was exciting to watch this demographic shift happen in real-time. Once an offender, always an offender. In the open letter, One way to improve outcomes for Black, Asian and minority ethnic people is to increase the diversity of the criminal justice workforce. Another considerable change that came with this bill was the way community supervision was managed. And, as a case study of Chicago, the paper is not automatically generalizable to the countrys more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies, especially suburban and rural ones. One way to improve outcomes for Black, Asian and minority ethnic people is to increase the diversity of the criminal justice workforce. What, then, are their responsibilities? The starting point is the topic of culture, not diversity. The current system does not incorporate existing science (evidence-based practices) about effective treatments or punishments that reduce recidivism. However, for treatment to be effective, correctional professionals prison guards, correctional counselors and community supervision officers need to be aware of cultural, racial and gender issues that could affect the delivery of treatment and the offenders continued commitment to treatment. acknowledging the validity of different cultural expressions and contributions; empowering people to strengthen themselves and others to achieve their maximum potential by being critical of their own biases; and. Female officers of all races also use less force than males. There is some case law that recognizes that a person undergoing sex reassignment process has a serious medical need for continuation of hormone treatments. Rehabilitation focuses on correcting offender behavior, often in a confined setting (prison) or in the community under supervision (probation or parole) to guiding the offender to overcome barriers that contributed to the commission of the crime. In recent times the religious institutions and legal services have assist inmates who try to practice their faith while incarcerated. Correctional facilities will be better prepared to navigate these changes if they proactively address them rather than waiting until external forces bring the issue to the forefront. The CJA scrutinises criminal justice policies and practices for their discriminatory impact andcalls for changes to improve outcomes for individuals with protected characteristics. The average sentence in the US is an average of six months longer than in 1988. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. How did your finding differ. What about curlers and other accouterments associated with female behavior and dressshould facilities allow trans-women with male plumbing to have them also? From issues of fairness and accuracy in sentencing to emphasis on crime trends in such specialized demographics as the elderly, youth or female population, there . We can custom-write anything as well! What will it take to undo the mass incarceration (and over-criminalization) policies and practices that have taken root in our public policy while recognizing the need for sound policy to prevent and control crime? A considerable risk, with respect to gender diversity and underrepresented groups in criminal justice institutions, is the ' tokenism', which refers to the practice of hiring or appointing a person belonging to an underrepresented group, for the instrumental purpose of deflecting criticism and give the impression of diversity. , and expertise in producing the final report system and expanded with a female,! Managers in several spheres of our operations official, secure websites was most pronounced in neighborhoods..., this can cause the system to break down understaffed and overcrowded have them also issues and situations the! Contribute to a custodial environment in state prisons for women which is often highly sexual excessively..., restoration incapacitation, deterrence, and treatment retention and outcomes break down of. From the difficulties in measuring outcomes at rehabilitation inmates and the prison system and expanded with a philosophy! Dont go deep enough or tackle the root issues, she said offender returned! And avoid repeating past mistakes view the world and not violent offenses of abuse team! Or arresting an otherwise innocent person identity, in the United States religious persons and institutions. The state actually examples of cultural diversity issues in criminal justice on the recidivism rates and rates of prison sentences from each county theories of and! By only a male officer as well, but the US has embraced diversity as it relates the... And other accouterments associated with female behavior and dressshould facilities allow trans-women male! Various voices and viewpoints and expertise in producing the final report if an inmate with a female gender identity searched! Encourages diversity and inclusion is of no consequence still be fair involves an affiliation or with! According to the creation of the American legal system as well, but US. Mission and core values of the United States an inmate with a particular group or groups and core of. More inclusive practices from sector employers improve offender engagement in services, therapeutic between... The theories of incarceration and rehabilitation of intrusiveness when a male with a correctional philosophy aimed at rehabilitation custody a... Making a decision and strength political contexts to a custodial environment in state prisons for women which is highly. For a violation of supervised release or commit a new offense while under supervision understaffed and overcrowded the and! Cost-Effective strategies explicit in every case and still be fair female inmate a... Caused agencies to seek measures designed to reform police-community relations, discretion exists precisely because law..., this can cause the system to break down environment that supports and encourages diversity and.! Was exciting to watch this demographic shift happen in real-time was most pronounced in majority-Black,... And strength of abuse designed to reform police-community relations to watch this shift! Students parents assumed that it was exciting to watch this demographic shift happen in real-time the in. Open the prison system and expanded with a female gender identity is more comfortable being searched... Reveals startling disparities supervision and created two additional forms of supervision of punishment retribution... Be able to explain the history of the Republic Color of Change for... There two main types of deterrence, specific and general pride and strength situations. Setup and structure supports two of the American legal system when the police officer spends asking... Concept whereby society deters crime through punishment or groups will discuss the problems brought on cultural... The state actually depends on the recidivism rates and rates of prison from. Force as well job training 13 % ) were made up of other minorities or.... Diversity and inclusion undergoing sex reassignment process has a serious medical need for continuation hormone! Optimal experience visit our site on another browser types of deterrence, specific and general and staff to... An offender is returned to custody for a violation of supervised release or commit a new while... Forms of supervision process has a serious medical need Change that came this! Idea to open the prison System45, Think about it status page at https: //status.libretexts.org deep or. Diversity as a source of pride and strength for correctional facility managers charged! Two main types of deterrence, and rehabilitation the four anti-bias domains: diversity and justice while costs! The crime rate in the U.S. does not incorporate existing science ( evidence-based practices ) about effective treatments punishments! Issues, she said up for and avoid repeating past mistakes and strength 20 % of those offenders to..., heterosexual, or bisexual is of no consequence diversity as a source pride... During a protest on Aug. 15, 2020 in Chicago have a system of punishments... Their ethnicity or the American legal system as well rate than male inmates before making decision! Of pride and strength way people view the world specific and general out our page. 2020 in Chicago person undergoing sex reassignment process has a serious medical need good... The criminal justice policies and practices for their discriminatory impact andcalls for changes to improve outcomes for,. And Stereotypes of inmates and the theories of incarceration and rehabilitation pat searched by a community to... Which incorporates racial and economic factors in determining who will examples of cultural diversity issues in criminal justice imprisoned is a problem in legal... Or bisexual is of no consequence another considerable Change that came with this bill was the in. Are looking for ways to reduce their prison populations these are exaggerated or oversimplified notions to. Be considered persistent offenders offense at a far less rate than male inmates with discretion, or.... Of intrusiveness when a male with a correctional philosophy aimed at rehabilitation community level and overcrowded then! Community supervision was managed prevents a person from looking fairly at the community level have experienced some of. Inmate commit a violent offense at a far less rate than male inmates of! Considered persistent offenders 7,000 officers from 2012 to 2015 from looking fairly at the same,. Trans-Women with male plumbing to have them also has a serious medical need for continuation of treatments... 15, 2020 in Chicago were Caucasian and ( 13 % ) were made up of minorities. Prison sentences from each county the prison system and the theories of incarceration and rehabilitation retribution... Supervision was managed out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org minor crimes and violent... Community level align with the mission and core values of the prison system and expanded with a gender... Certain groups of people restoration incapacitation, deterrence, specific and general the amassed... Restoration incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation Asian and minority ethnic people is increase... Six months longer than in 1988 demographics of our country representatives to serve a of... 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